Research Article
Spring 2012

Between Securocratic Historiography and the Diasporic Imaginary: Framing the Transnational Violence of Air India Flight 182

Publication: TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies
Volume 27

Abstract

Abstract

In June 2010, the Canadian government published its Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182. Eight months later, in February 2011, a mass grave containing the remains of thirty-two Sikhs who perished in the anti-Sikh pogroms of 1984 was discovered in the Rewari District of Haryana, India. Originating in opposite parts of the world, these two events and their aftermaths may seem to have had little to do with each other; however, we relate them to a context that underscores the extent to which Canada and India as secular democratic nation-states are complicit in the transnational production of violence. The first part of our essay focuses on Bruce Hoffman’s “Study of International Terrorism,” which opens the commission’s research volumes. Hoffman argues that the Air India bombing “merely perpetuated a cycle of anti-state, inter-communal violence that fed off itself ” in the wake of Indira Gandhi’s assassination and the subsequent massacres of thousands of Sikhs throughout India (2010: 34). We critique the taxonomy of secular and religious terrorism in which Hoffman’s analysis is inscribed, because it elides the managerial role of the nation-state in historiographies of violence occurring within, across and beyond the borders of India and Canada. The second part of our essay interprets Srinivas Krishna’s Masala (1991) and “When Lions Roar” (2011), among other texts, as cultural refractions of violence and the “management of grief ” (Bharati Mukherjee) that continue to mark the events of 1984 and 1985 as “unhoused” rather than distinctly Canadian episodes (quoted in Bowen 1997: 59). We pursue our analysis beyond the events themselves to investigate how they are portrayed in flawed historiographies like Hoffman’s and in transnational cultural texts that resist the implications of Hoffman’s analysis. We thus seek to represent not only the cycle of violence but also the “willed, civilised response” to it (Ghosh 2005).

Résumé

En juin 2010 le gouvernement du Canada a fait paraître Commission d’enquête relative aux mesures d’investigation prises à la suite de l’attentat à la bombe commis contre le vol 182 d’Air India. Huit mois plus tard, en février 2011, on a découvert dans le district de Rewari, à Harayana en Inde, une fosse commune avec les restes de trente-deux sikhs morts dans les pogroms de 1984. Ces événements d’origines éloignées dans le monde ne semblent guère reliés l’un à l’autre; or, nous les rapportons, ainsi que leurs conséquences, à un contexte faisant valoir à quel point le Canada et l’Inde sont et complices et impliqués en tant qu’états-nations démocratiques dans la production transnationale de la violence. La première partie de notre essai prend pour point de mire l’étude de Bruce Hoffman, « Study of International Terrorism, » qui ouvre les volumes de recherches de la commission. Hoffman prétend que l’attentat n’ait fait que « perpétuer un cycle de violence anti- étatiste, inter-communautaire qui se propageait » après l’assassinat d’Indira Gandhi et les massacres subséquents de milliers de sikhs à travers l’Inde (2010: 34). Nous critiquons la taxonomie du terrorisme séculaire et religieux dans lequel s’inscrit l’analyse de Hoffman, car elle ignore le rôle directorial de l’état-nation dans les historiographies de la violence survenue à l’intérieur des deux pays ainsi qu’à travers et au-delà des frontières indiennes et canadiennes. Dans la deuxième partie de notre essai nous lisons Masala (1991) et «When Lions Roar » (2011) de Srinivas Krishna, entre autres textes, en tant que réfractions culturelles de la violence et des formes de « la contrôle du deuil » (Bharati Mukherjee) qui continuent à marquer les événements de 1984 et de 1985 comme étant « déracinés » plutôt que comme des épisodes canadiens (cité en Bowen 1997: 59). Nous poursuivons notre analyse au-delà des événements mêmes pour sonder la façon dont ils ont été déployés dans des historiographies défectueuses, comme celle de Hoffman, ainsi que dans des textes culturels transnationaux qui résistent aux implications de ces représentations. Nous cherchons donc à représenter non seulement le cycle de la violence mais aussi « la réponse délibérée, civilisée » (Ghosh 2005) qu’il a provoquée.

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TOPIA: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies
Volume 27Spring 2012
Pages: 177 - 195

History

Published in print: Spring 2012
Published online: 10 April 2018

Keywords

  1. governance
  2. securocratic wars
  3. terrorism
  4. historiography
  5. diaspora
  6. transnationalism

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Asha Varadharajan
Biography: ASHA VARADHARAJAN is an associate professor of English at Queen’s University. She is the author of Exotic Parodies: Subjectivity in Adorno, Said, and Spivak (1995). She is currently at work on three manuscripts: Violence and Civility in the New World Order, Enchantment and Deracination: The Lure of Foreignness in Contemporary Cinema and Rogue States and Failed Humans: Writing the African Postcolony. She has also ventured in the direction of biography and journalism with an entry on Eric Idle in the Dictionary of Literary Biography and forthcoming pieces on contemporary culture in The Hindu.

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Raji Singh Soni and Asha Varadharajan
TOPIA 2012 27:, 177-195

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