Fieldwork of the Canadian Institute in Greece in 2018
Abstract
Abstract
The archaeological fieldwork conducted in Greece in 2018 under the aegis of the Canadian Institute in Greece (CIG) is summarized based on the presentation given by the director at the Institute’s annual Open Meeting in Athens in May 2019.
Résumé
Les travaux archéologiques menés en Grèce en 2018 sous l’égide de l’Institut canadien en Grèce sont présentés d’après l’allocution donnée par le directeur lors de l’assemblée publique annuelle de l’Institut, qui a eu lieu à Athènes en mai 2019.
Fieldwork in 2018
As the interim Academic Director of the Canadian Institute in Greece, I have the welcome opportunity to present a condensed version of our annual Open Meeting report, so that the archaeological fieldwork conducted under the Institute’s auspices in 2018 can be made available especially for Canadian readers. The Institute’s research activities included three collaborative (synergasia) excavations at ancient Argilos in Macedonia, ancient Eleon in eastern Boeotia, and Stelida on Naxos, as well as an independent survey as part of the Western Argolid Regional Project focused on fortifications. In addition, there was a formal study season of the collaborative excavation at Kastro Kallithea in Thessaly (Figure 1).
Ancient Argilos (Zisis Bonias and Jacques Y. Perreault)
The Greek-Canadian synergasia digging at ancient Argilos1 reports the following: As with previous seasons, the 2018 campaign is part of a program devoted to the study of the historical and architectural development of the ancient city of Argilos in central Macedonia (Figure 2).2 Its main objectives are to improve our understanding of Greek-Thracian relations on the North Aegean coast and to enrich our knowledge of colonial urbanism.
Source: Argilos Project.
Much attention was focused on the excavation of seven of the twelve rooms of building H, rooms H4 to H9 and H11 (Figures 3–5). The rooms near the centre of the building have suffered greatly from modern occupation in this area. In H4 to H7, a relatively thick layer of ashes, which contain rifle bullets dating from the Second World War, are witness to the presence of the German army that was temporarily stationed there. This recent occupation, added to agricultural work in the area since the late 1970s, damaged the ancient levels, which in this area are located very close to the surface. Some walls have completely disappeared in addition to the latest occupation levels. Luckily, the walls are well preserved in the other rooms of the building, where they date to the first half of the fourth century bc. The preliminary results of the work done in these rooms suggest that the central part of Building H suffered already in antiquity. A thick fill made up of virgin soil was placed over earlier levels to serve as a substratum to fourth-century bc floors, of which only a few traces remain. Despite these somewhat disappointing results, the team was able to determine the internal divisions of the rooms, which are like the others in this building since they have internal walls separating each room into two or three units.
Figure 3. Plan of the Southeast and Koutloudis sectors, 2018
Source: Argilos Project.
Figure 4. Plan of the Koutloudis sector, 2018
Source: Argilos Project.
Figure 5. Aerial view of the Koutloudis sector
Source: Argilos Project.
Room H11 is in a much better state of conservation and revealed a few interesting structures (Figure 6). The excavators uncovered the base of a metallurgical furnace, which was in use during the first half of the fourth century, along the east wall of the room and towards its centre. The base is well preserved and one can easily distinguish the half-circle shape of the heating chamber. There is a small rectangular platform attached to the oven structure and the many pieces of slag associated with it will be sent for analysis. Finally, in the front half of the room (reached in 2016) was the fifth-century bc floor, in the centre of which is a small rectangular hearth.
Figure 6. View of room H11
Source: Argilos Project.
East of Building H, the 2018 campaign allowed the completion of the excavation of the fourth-century occupation of room Q1 (Figure 7). This room has yielded a rich amount of material (coins, amphoras, vases, pieces of metal, bones, etc.). In particular, it allowed the complete excavation of the two small back rooms. The western room is the most interesting and contains in the northwest corner a semi-circular base supporting a millstone, fragments of which were found on the ground. We are convinced that room Q1 was in fact a small house containing an upper floor. An initial reconstruction of the house was also completed.
Figure 7. View of room Q1
Source: Argilos Project.
South of Building Q, excavation of the second room of Building P began. It was only possible to uncover part of the latest floor, which is clearly dated to the first half of the fourth century bc, as indicated by the coins found on it. The room is very well built, in particular the West wall. The threshold is complete and the lead still in place in the hinge holes. As was the case with the other internal separating walls, its upper part was made of clay and traces of the clay blocks are preserved. Finally, it is interesting to note the discovery of a group of lead sling bullets bearing the inscription “ΙΤ” (Figure 8). This discovery is notable because fifteen sling bullets bearing the same inscription were found previously on the acropolis. Outside Argilos, only one such example is known in Greece.
Figure 8. Sling bullets from room P2
Source: Argilos Project.
The Argilos team also continued excavations of the large commercial building “L”, focusing on rooms L8 to L12. For L8 and L10 to L12, the main objective was to complete the excavation of the latest occupation, that of the fourth century bc. Little material was found on these floors except for L11, where excavators uncovered several small transport amphorae crushed on the ground and a large basin, or louterion. Finally, an exploratory trench was opened under the fourth-century bc floor in the southeast corner of room L9. Excavators uncovered a fifth-century bc floor containing two large circular pits in which large storage jars had originally been placed. Excavation of this room will resume in 2019.
One of the objectives of the 2018 campaign was to verify whether the large street on the southeast slope of the hill (uncovered during the early years of work at Argilos) continued southwards towards the seashore and the ancient port of the city. The results are quite spectacular: not only was the continuation of the street found, it was cleared to a length of nearly 70 metres! It is in an excellent state of preservation and reaches a width of nearly 8 metres in some places. On the east side, four or five large buildings border the street, the largest of which appearing to be the northernmost one, with a facade consisting of large rectangular slabs. Curiously, while this street was expected to be more or less perpendicular to the H, L, P, and Q complexes, it turned out to be oblique. However, there seems to be a junction heading towards what could be the eastern limit of Buildings P and Q, if, as it is believed, they are the same length as Buildings H and L. In any case, the discovery of this street is extremely interesting from an urbanistic point of view since it is probably the main avenue of the city, and it will connect the commercial complex to the southeast sector.
Stelida Naxos Archaeological Project (Tristan Carter and Dimitris Athanasoulis)
The summer of 2018 saw the Stelida Naxos Archaeological Project (SNAP) undertake its fourth season of a five-year fieldwork permit under the co-direction of Dr. Tristan Carter from McMaster University and Dr. Dimitris Athanasoulis, the director of the Cycladic Ephorates.3 This double-peaked hill is a natural source of chert, a silica-rich stone that was used to make tools in early prehistory (i.e., before the advent of metalworking). The primary objectives of the project are to participate in the major debates concerning (a) the dates and routes involved in early human dispersals into/out of Europe; (b) whether these pre-modern migrations involved seagoing; (c) the behavioural (i.e., quarrying and toolmaking) relationships of early hominins, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens; and (d) how one represents early prehistory to the public. This work is highly innovative and aims to elicit the maximum information from an early prehistoric quarry, which is a rare type of archaeological site globally.
While the obsidian of nearby Melos is a better-known lithic resource in Aegean prehistory, the chert of Stelida is a more robust material that would have allowed those exploiting it to make not only axes and butchery tools but also cutting tools and projectile tips. The project has claimed that the site is mainly Palaeolithic in date, visited by early Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and earlier hominins, while its last phase of use is the Mesolithic, or around 9000 years ago.
The 2018 season saw an increased emphasis on post-excavation analyses and publication preparation. Alongside that activity, a certain amount of fieldwork continued on the upper flanks of the Stelida chert source, where the excavation focused on completing the most important sondages from the previous seasons. This work was undertaken in two main areas. The first was situated to the southwest of the hill’s highest peak, which is where the team had started their excavations in 2015 (Figures 9–10). This was an important area as it was the site where significant quantities of diagnostic Middle Palaeolithic tools were previously recovered, including products of Levallois and discoidal core technologies, a type of toolmaking that is associated with Neanderthal populations in Greece.4 One of these sondages—Trench 3—is situated close to the chert outcrops on a steep part of the hill, where substantial amounts of hill wash—or colluvium—have accumulated through erosional processes over the millennia, thus resulting in the redeposition of thousands of stone tools and their manufacturing debris.
Figure 9. Aerial photo of southwestern flanks of Stelida showing two of the key trenches excavated in 2018: DG-A/001 and DG-A/003
Photo: D. Faulmann.
Figure 10. 2018 site plan of upper Stelida
Map: Y. Pitt.
This sondage has now been excavated for four seasons and has still yet to reach the natural surface, with these colluvial deposits now over four metres deep. Halfway through the 2018 season it was necessary to expand the sondage from its original 2 × 2 m configuration to a larger 2 × 4 m size for health and safety reasons (Figure 11).
Figure 11. Kristine Mallinson supervising the extension of trench DG-A/003
Photo: A. Bellavia.
The project’s geoarchaeologists, Panagiotis Karkanas and Justin Holcomb of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, have been attempting to connect all of these trenches and their stratigraphic profiles. They then work with colleagues from Bordeaux University and take samples for scientific dating (Figure 12) using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating.5
Figure 12. Christelle Lahaye inserting a dosimeter into the section of DG-A/003 to calibrate the OSL results
Photo: J. Lau.
One of the big problems faced by the Stelida team is that the highly alkaline soil means that organic materials (bones and plant material) almost never survive. This situation makes it very difficult to reconstruct the Palaeolithic environment and the food eaten by people when they worked at the quarry. In 2018, the team began a research program dedicated to this problem, with Tyler Murchie of the McMaster Ancient DNA Centre taking soil samples within which it is hoped genetic traces of the organics—potentially including the people—were present on the site (Figure 13). While this is a very new form of ancient DNA studies that uses soils rather than bones to extract the DNA,6 initial results suggest that significant genetic traces do indeed remain in some of the deposits.
Figure 13. Tyler Murchie preparing to take a sample for sedimentary aDNA analysis from a section in trench AK/025
Photo: A. Bellavia.
Stelida is a very rare type of site in that it embodies an extreme deep-time history, which allows us to compare the behaviour of early Homo sapiens with their ancestors in the same place. In fact, very few Palaeolithic quarries have been studied, and most are more restricted in their time depth (the obsidian source of Göllü Dağ in central Anatolia being a notable exception since it was exploited from the Lower Palaeolithic to the Late Bronze Age).7 As a means of comparing the actions of the prehistoric populations who exploited Stelida, the SNAP team has been undertaking a more detailed geological characterization of the raw materials by working with Tim Kinnaird and Anna Klein of the University of St. Andrews. Their work has distinguished five main types of chert at Stelida, data which—when integrated with our artefact studies—allow us to consider raw material choices through time. Preliminary studies suggest a clear pattern with earlier hominins and Neanderthals using a sandier and tougher chert from the northern part of the quarry, while Homo sapiens populations of the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic used a finer-quality, white-blue chert from the southern outcrops.
Ancient Eleon (Alexandra Charami, Brendan Burke, and Bryan Burns)
The Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project, a Greek-Canadian synergasia,8 concluded its first major phase of excavations at the site of ancient Eleon in 2018.9 The site is located on an elevated plateau overlooking the Theban plain en route to Chalkis and the Euboean Gulf. Four major periods of occupation have been identified at the site of ancient Eleon. The first period is a prehistoric phase that spans the early Mycenaean period (from the end of the Middle Helladic to the beginning of the Mycenaean Palatial period, ca. 1700–1450 bc). The second period comes toward the end of the Mycenaean (ca. 1150 bc), from which we have encountered substantial levels dating to the Late Helladic IIIB and IIIC sub-phases. The site, however, seems to be abandoned by the Early Iron Age. The third period is post-Bronze Age (ca. eighth to fifth century bc) and varies in levels of occupation, but the earliest recovered material is Late Geometric Euboean pottery of the eighth century bc. Also dating to the Archaic period is the construction of the large polygonal wall. Eleon itself, however, seems not to be reoccupied in any substantial way until the sixth century bc. After another long period of inactivity at the site, we reach the fourth and latest archaeological phase in evidence, the Medieval period, from which material only survives in surface levels and deeper pits. These finds date consistently to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ad, a finding which could indicate a relatively late date for the stone tower whose remains mark the western end of the site (and beyond our permitted area of excavation).
The majority of work in 2018 concentrated within and around an enclosure that we call the Blue Stone Structure (BSS), which so named because of the polished blue limestone used to cap a large rectangular perimeter wall (Figure 14). This structure was capped with a mound of clay marking an early Mycenaean cemetery of some significance and dating to the formative period of Mycenaean society, perhaps around the seventeenth century bc. The main goals in 2018 were (a) to identify and explore as many burials in the Blue Stone Structure as possible; (b) to define better the northern half of the enclosure; (c) to expose fully the perimeter wall (with particular focus on the long eastern wall); and (d) to document fully remains of the clay tumulus.
Figure 14. Aerial photo of the Blue Stone Structure (BSS) from the southeast near the end of 2018 excavations
Photo: B. Burns.
Seven significant burial contexts were excavated within and around the Blue Stone Structure, that is, Tombs 9 through 15 (Figure 15). Like those excavated in previous years, the majority are simply built tombs: a single chamber with stone walls covered by large capping stones. Even these vary considerably in size and manner of construction, while a few tombs are more complicated structures. Understanding their use is also quite complicated due to the regular practice of communal burial in this period.
Figure 15. Photomosaic of the excavation area with location of individual tombs within and adjacent to the Blue Stone Structure
Photo: G. Hellstrom.
Tomb 9 (SE A1a) revealed a single young adult with their head oriented to the northwest and the body turned towards the west. The lone, intentionally placed grave good was a Murex seashell found northeast of the individual. Removal of the fill below led to the discovery of a second burial in a small pit at the bottom of the tomb. It appears these unarticulated remains belong to an adult; no artifacts were recovered in this lower pit.
Tomb 10 (SW A1b) was covered by a massive capping stone, which seems to have sealed the tomb quite effectively. Its contents were remarkably well preserved compared to other tombs at Eleon and in Mycenaean Greece more broadly. The remains of three individuals were well articulated, especially the last person interred, who is estimated to be twelve years old (Figure 16). This individual was found with three necklaces, a beaded bracelet, and a Minyan cup. Other grave goods in the tomb include two unfired pots in the northwest corner of the tomb, pieces of wood that were heavily degraded, and many fragments of a woven textile. Two other individuals, both of whom appear to be male and in their mid-twenties, were positioned against the eastern side of the chamber. All three individuals were placed in the tomb with their heads to the south and their feet to the north. The first individual was facing east while the second and third individuals were facing west.
Figure 16. Tomb 10 interior from the east, with unfired pots at upper right
Photo: J. Bellows.
Tomb 11 (SE A1c) is located immediately outside the southeast corner of the BSS and contained an unusual concentration of human remains. Stratigraphically, Tomb 11 appears to have been built prior to the construction of a buttress wall to its south because wedging stones were placed along a cover-stone under the lowest exposed course of the buttress. Numerous unarticulated remains were found above the cover slabs for Tomb 11 and enormous quantities of bones within it. The early estimate of the minimum number of individuals is 27, including remains of at least 3 infants. No bones were found in articulated position and many were heavily degraded. Tomb 11 also contained more grave goods than any other tomb thus far excavated at Eleon. These grave goods include complete vessels, copper alloy pins, coils, stone beads (made from rock crystal, agate, and carnelian), plus a seal stone made from a rock crystal prism and incised with a flying fish motif (Figure 17).
Figure 17. Select finds from Tomb 11: pottery at left; stone beads and rock-crystal prism seal stone at right
Photo: B. Burke.
The capstones of Tomb 12 were originally revealed by excavations west of the BSS (SW A1a) in 2015. At that point, the blocks were designated as “disturbed capstones” from a tomb that—like others near the surface—no longer contained ancient remains. When given the opportunity to lift the stones in 2018, we found that the tomb was disturbed, but it was also far larger than we had estimated since it was in fact a Built Chamber Tomb joining a small dromos to the south (it had been visible in 2015 but was thought to be a small, empty tomb). Further excavation of the dromos revealed a nearly intact shallow angular bowl, which dates to the Late Helladic (LH IIIA2/B) and suggests that this tomb may have been in use considerably longer than those within the BSS. The tomb chamber measures 3.8 x 1.5 m long, with the entry area formed by the eastern wall, which extended the length to 1.7 m. The eastern end of the tomb contained a large accumulation of stones mixed with pottery. The fragments of pottery include Late Helladic (LH IIIC) vessels, which confirm that the tomb was disturbed in the period when the site’s post-Palatial settlement encroached upon the limits of the BSS. At a lower level and concentrated on the west side, degraded and fragmentary human remains suggest that the tomb held multiple individuals.
Tomb 13 (NE A1c) is the lowest structure within the northern BSS, with its capstones located below rubble packing from the perimeter wall immediately to its east. This positioning indicates the tomb was present first, and the proximity suggests it was intentionally included within the northern extension of the BSS. In addition to the remains of an articulated individual on a hard surface, two pits located at the northern and southern ends of the chamber contained commingled bones. Initial analysis of the recovered skeletal material indicated the remains of approximately ten individuals, of which five were found in the northern pit, two in the southern pit, and three in the upper level of the burial. Only one burial, a male in the upper level, was articulated and most closely associated with a pyxis that bears a corroded surface.
Tomb 14 (SE A1a) was precariously located beneath the fill underlying the second northern stele that we exposed in 2017. At that time, we believed there was no safe way to excavate the tomb without removing the marker above it. Near the end of the 2018 season, however, it was observed that the capping stones had shifted—presumably due to heat, moisture, and surrounding activity—and small stones were beginning to fall inside it. Because of the danger of further collapse, we moved forward with expedited recovery of its contents from the accessible portion. The remains of two to three individuals were concentrated in the southeast corner of the tomb. One individual was in primary burial position and appeared to be oriented east to west; no artifacts were found.
Tomb 15 is another significant burial deposit to the west of the BSS. It is only partially exposed and had no capstone in place, but it does have solid walls to the east and south. The remains of at least three individuals have been identified, all of which are in remarkably good state of preservation considering the openness of the tomb context. While most of the remains appear commingled, the pelvis and leg of one individual is fully articulated, suggesting a mix of primary and secondary interments in this tomb.
Finally, it is worth noting the Northwest Trenches (NW B3d). Previous excavations here never reached the same floor levels found in adjacent rooms and we hoped to identify several activity layers within the room. Indeed, several floor levels were identified around the room’s central hearth, but refined study is needed to coordinate their ceramics with those found in other parts of the complex.
Western Argolid Regional Project (Alcestis Papadimitriou, Scott Gallimore, Dimitri Nakassis, and Sarah James)
The Western Argolid Regional Project (WARP) conducted its second study season during the summer of 2018.10 WARP is a diachronic archaeological survey of the upper Inachos river valley, which is located in the region of the modern villages of Lyrkeia, Schinochori, and Sterna in the north-eastern Peloponnese.11 The project’s overarching research goal is to understand the shifting relationship through time between the communities of the western Argolid and their position in the larger interregional networks of the Peloponnese and beyond.
Much of the focus in 2018 was on refining pottery readings from the over 8,000 units that the project investigated from 2014–2016. In particular, we reassessed material from units where the most under-represented periods was found in order to determine whether their scarcity was due to limited identification or was the product of historical conditions in the region. These new analyses suggest that both factors were at work. We were able to recognize more Mycenaean material and to reassign previously identified Medieval pottery to the Late Ottoman and Early Modern periods, which in turn allowed for revisions to our understanding of shifting land use patterns in these eras.12
The Fortifications of the Argolid project is a two-year study in cooperation with the Ephorate of Antiquities of the Argolid, directed by Alcestis Papadimitriou and the directors of WARP (which has already documented known archaeological sites in the western Argolid through a program of photography, architectural drawing, topographic mapping, and study of surface pottery). The Fortifications of the Argolid project is recording previously identified but poorly documented sites in the western Argolid in order to put the intensive survey results of WARP into their wider regional context and to contribute to the protection of these archaeological sites. These seven sites include stone towers and hilltop fortifications dating from the Bronze Age through Medieval periods. The largest of these complexes is Kastro near the village of Tsiristra (Figure 18). It consists of two long fortification walls (see Figure 18) running roughly from north to south along the western and eastern sides of the ridge that converge at a bedrock outcropping on the southern edge of the site. These large fortification walls surround the remains of approximately thirty buildings constructed from uncoursed, dry-stacked walls, with the structures closer to the top of the ridge being better constructed and thus better preserved. Based on pottery collected from in and around the buildings at Kastro, the site was occupied in the fifth to third centuries bc and then again in the Late Roman period, which is marked by a distinctive seventh-century ad signature.
Figure 18. A section of one long fortification wall from the site of Kastro near Tsiristra in the western Argolid
Photo: Dimitri Nakassis.
Kastro Kallithea (Sophia Karapanou, Margriet J. Haagsma, and Laura Surtees)
The cooperative excavation project at Kastro Kallithea in Thessaly (KKAP)13 conducted its fifth and final study season in 2018.14 KKAP’s goals in study seasons are multi-faceted; in previous seasons, the team quantified, documented, and dated all material found in Building 10, a domestic structure dating to the third and second centuries bc. The team was able to finish the documentation and cataloguing of all material from the urban survey and excavations at KKAP. The bulk of recent material comes from Building 10, which was excavated in five seasons between 2007 and 2013. The tens of thousands of pottery sherds found in Building 10 represent more than 400 vessels. The additional textile equipment, figurines, metal finds, faunal remains, coins, glass, and stone artifacts provide a good impression of Building 10’s household assemblage and connected domestic activities. The team is working towards a volume publishing the results of urban survey and excavation.
Over the past year, at the request of the Ephorate’s director, Dr. Stavroula Sdrolia, the team worked towards creating an exhibition of the results of the Kastro Kallithea Archaeological Project in the Diachronic Museum in Larissa. The exhibition took place from 1 February to 15 May 2018 (Figures 19–24). The Exhibition was named “Kastro Kallithea: Visualizing Life in an Ancient City.” The co-directors, Myles Chykerda, and the museum conservators worked for several months to prepare the 138 artefacts put on display, as well as designing explanatory panels and preparing other visual information. University of Alberta student Sam Glover produced a 3-D digital model of Building 10, which was 3-D printed and added to the existing models of the site, while the fortifications and the buildings in the agora were designed by Ryan Lee. Several specialists had to be called from Athens to work on the larger items, such as the (almost complete) bathtub and a pithos found in Building 10. Most of the items on display came from Buildings 5 and 10. A 1:2 scaled-down plan of Building 10 was also laid out on the floor, a doorway was added as a vertical element, and artefacts (e.g., the pithos, the bathtub, and the stamnos with a sacrifice in the hearth) were either put on display around the plan or placed directly on the plan at the very spot where they were found. In June 2018, the exhibition moved to the cultural centre in Pharsala where it is on permanent display.
Souce: Photo by M. Haagsma.
Figure 20. Exhibition in the Diachronic Museum, Larissa. Opening speeches. From right to left: Dr. Stavroula Sdrolia, Ms. Sofia Karapanou, Dr. Margriet Haagsma
Source: Diachronic Museum, Larissa.
Figure 21. Exhibition in the Diachronic Museum, Larissa. Sofia Karapanou explaining the setup of the exhibition
Source: Diachronic Museum, Larissa
Figure 22. Exhibition in the Diachronic Museum, Larissa. From left to right: Dr. David Rupp (Director of the Canadian Institute in Greece), Dr. Stavroula Sdrolia (Director of the Ephorate of Antiquities), Dr. David Marples (Chair of the University of Alberta’s Department of History and Classics), Debbie DesRosiers (Political Counsellor/Charge d’Affaires of the Canadian Embassy), Dr. Margriet Haagsma, Dr. Metaxia Tsipopoulou
Source: Diachronic Museum, Larissa.
Figure 23. Exhibition in the Diachronic Museum, Larissa. Pharsala’s mayor, Aris Karachalios, receiving a gift from the University of Alberta (with Dr. Margriet Haagsma and Dr. David Marples)
Source: Diachronic Museum, Larissa.
Figure 24. Exhibition in the Diachronic Museum, Larissa. Overview of the exhibition
Source: Photo by M. Haagsma.
Acknowledgements
I thank the editors of Mouseion for publishing this report and Dr. Jonathan Tomlinson for his assistance in preparing it. In addition, I wish to thank the Canadian Ambassadors to Greece, Mr. Keith Morrill and Mr. Mark Allen, and their remarkably able staff at the Canadian Embassy in Athens for their continuing support. The diligence and verve of the Assistant Director, Dr. Jonathan Tomlinson, enabled us to be most productive. We were helped by the Institute’s Neda and Franz Leipen Fellow, Barbara Scarfo (McMaster University), and our interns, Heather Robinson in the fall, Moira Scully in the winter, and Monica Santos in the spring. Of course, our work would not be possible without the support of the Ministry of Culture and Sport, its Minister, Lydia Koniordou, and Secretary General Dr. Maria Adreadaki Vlazaki; Director of the General Directorate of Antiquities, Dr. Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, and the former Director, Dr. Elena Korka; the Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and its Director, Dr. Elena Kountouri; the Directorate of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Antiquities, Dr. Souzana Choulia-Kapeloni; the Director of the Department for the Foreign Schools, Dr. Konstantina Benisi, and Dr. Tina Gourvellou. We are also very grateful to the many members of the Archaeological Service working in the various Ephorates and Museums throughout Greece who have contributed so much to research by Canadian scholars and students in Greece, especially to the directors of the Ephorates of Antiquities of the Cyclades, of Boiotia, of the Argolid, of Serres, and of Larissa, and their staff archaeologists. Without the aid, expertise, and friendship of our Greek colleagues, the Institute’s research program would not be in its present healthy condition.
Footnotes
1
The research team is led by director Zisis Bonias (Ephorate of Antiquities of Serres) and co-director Jacques Y. Perreault (Université de Montréal).
2
3
For previous references, see Carter et al. 2014; 2016; 2017; Rupp et al. 2016a; 2017; 2018; Rupp et al. 2019; see also Skarpelis et al. 2017.
7
Carter and Kilikoglou 2007: 133–134; Slimak et al. 2008.
8
The 2018 research team was led by director Alexandra Charami (Ephorate of Antiquities of Boeotia) and co-directors Brendan Burke (University of Victoria) and Bryan Burns (Wellesley College). Dr. Kiki Kalliga (Ephorate of Antiquities of Boeotia) was a key partner in the research project.
9
10
The project is led by co-directors Scott Gallimore (Wilfrid Laurier University), Dimitri Nakassis (University of Colorado Boulder), and Sarah James (University of Colorado Boulder).
11
For previous references, see Gallimore et al. 2017; Rupp et al. 2017; 2018; 2019. On WARP’s geomorphological studies, see Tetford et al. 2017; 2018.
12
The team would like to thank Kim Shelton and Guy Sanders for assisting with this work.
13
The senior research team is led by director Sophia Karapanou (Ephorate of Antiquities of Larissa), co-director Margriet Haagsma (University of Alberta), and Laura Surtees (Bryn Mawr College).
References
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Volume 18 • Number 2 • 2021, LXII-Series III
Pages: 255 - 284
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2021 Mouseion.
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Published in print: 2021, LXII-Series III
Published online: 7 December 2021
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